Sunday 22 May 2011

Robert Jeffrey Sternberg斯騰伯格


羅伯特斯騰伯格從 Wikipedia,自由的百科全書


Born出生 December 8, 1949 ( 1949-12-08 ) (age 61) 1949年12月8日(49年12月8日 )(61 歲)
Newark , New Jersey , US 紐瓦克新澤西州美國
Nationality國籍 American 美國
Fields psychometrician psychometrician
Institutions機構 Oklahoma State University , Yale University , Tufts University 俄克拉荷馬州立大學耶魯大學塔夫茨大學
Alma mater 母校 Yale University , Stanford University 耶魯大學斯坦福大學
Doctoral advisor 博士生導師 Gordon Bower 戈登鮑爾
Known for聞名 Triarchic theory of intelligence , Triangular theory of love 三元智力理論愛情三角理論
Robert Jeffrey Sternberg (born December 8, 1949), is an American psychologist and psychometrician and Provost at Oklahoma State University . 羅伯特杰弗裡伯格 (生於1949年12月8日),是美國心理學家psychometrician教務長俄克拉荷馬州立大學 He was formerly the Dean of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University , IBM Professor of Psychology and Education at Yale University and the President of the American Psychological Association .他曾任院長的藝術和科學在塔夫茨大學IBM的 教授心理學教育耶魯大學總統美國心理學協會 He is a member of the editorial boards of numerous journals, including American Psychologist .他是一個成員眾多的雜誌編委,包 括美國心理學家 Sternberg has a BA from Yale University and a PhD from Stanford University . Gordon Bower was his PhD advisor.斯 騰伯格擁有學士學位 ,從美國耶魯大學博士斯坦福大學戈登鮑爾是他的博士生導師。 He holds ten honorary doctorates from one North American, one South American, and eight European universities, and additionally holds an honorary professorate at the University of Heidelberg in Germany .他擁有十一個榮譽博士頭銜,從北美,一南美,歐洲的大學和八個,另外持有榮譽的教授在海德堡大學德國 He is currently also a Distinguished Associate of The Psychometrics Centre at the University of Cambridge .他目前亦是一位傑出副中心的心理測量學劍橋大學

Contents內容

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[ edit ] Research interests [ 編輯 ] 研究領域

Sternberg's main research include the following interests:斯騰伯格的主要研究包括以下權益:
  • Higher mental functions, including intelligence and creativity高級心理功能,包括智力創造力
  • Styles of thinking思維風格
  • Cognitive modifiability認知變性
  • Leadership領 導
  • Love and hate愛憎
  • Love and war愛情和戰爭
Sternberg has proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence and a triangular theory of love .斯騰伯格提出了三元智力理論愛情三角理論 He is the creator (with Todd Lubart [ 1 ] ) of the investment theory of creativity, which states that creative people buy low and sell high in the world of ideas, and a propulsion theory of creative contributions, which states that creativity is a form of leadership.他是造物主(與Todd Lubart [1] )的投資理論的創意,其中指出,創 造力的人買低賣高,在世界思想,推進理論和創造性的貢獻,其中指出,創新是一個形式領導。
He is spearheading an experimental admissions process at Tufts to quantifiably test the creativity of an applicant . [ 2 ]他 帶頭在招生過程的實驗塔夫茨以量化地測試創造力的申請人[2]
Sternberg has criticized IQ tests , saying they are "convenient partial operationalizations of the construct of intelligence , and nothing more. They do not provide the kind of measurement of intelligence that tape measures provide of height." [ 3 ]斯 特恩伯格批評智商測試 ,稱他們是“方便部分operationalizations的建構智慧 ,僅此而已。他們不提供種測量提供情報,捲尺的高度。“ [3]
In 1995 , he was on an American Psychological Association task force writing a consensus statement on the state of intelligence research in response to the claims being advanced amid the Bell Curve controversy, titled " Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns ."1995年 ,他在一美國心理學協會專責小組書面共識聲明,對國家情報研究應對索賠先進性中的鐘形曲線的爭論,標題為“ 智力:Knowns和未知 。“

[ edit ] A theory of intelligence [ 編輯 ] 一個理論的情報

Many descriptions of intelligence focus on mental abilities such as vocabulary , comprehension , memory and problem-solving that can be measured through intelligence tests .許多描述情報注 重精神能力,如詞彙理解記憶解決問題 ,可通過測量智力測驗 This reflects the tendency of psychologists to develop their understanding of intelligence by observing behaviour believed to be associated with intelligence.這反映了心理學家的發展趨勢的理解通過觀察行為的情報認為,必須與智慧。
Sternberg believes that this focus on specific types of measurable mental abilities is too narrow.斯騰伯格認為,這種集中於特定類型的可衡量的智力過於狹窄。 He believes that studying intelligence in this way leads to an understanding of only one part of intelligence and that this part is only seen in people who are "school smart" or "book smart".他認為,學習 的情報,這種方式導致了理解只有一個部分情報,而這部分人只看到誰是“學校智能”或“一書聰明”。
There are, for example, many individuals who score poorly on intelligence tests, but are creative or are "street smart" and therefore have a very good ability to adapt and shape their environment.有,例如,許多個人誰 智力測驗成績不佳,但創意或“街頭智慧”,因此有很好的適應能力和塑造他們的環境。 According to Sternberg (2003), giftedness should be examined in a broader way incorporating other parts of intelligence.根據斯騰伯格(2003 年), 資優應該在更廣泛的審查方式結合其他地區的情報。

[ edit ] The Triarchic Model [ 編輯 ] 的三元模型

Sternberg (2003) categorizes intelligence into three parts, which are central in his theory, the triarchic theory of intelligence :斯特恩伯格(2003) 分類情報分為三個部分,分別是中央在他的理論, 三元智力理論
  • Analytical intelligence, the ability to complete academic, problem-solving tasks, such as those used in traditional intelligence tests. 分析情報,有能力完成學業,解決問題的任務,如那些用於傳統的智力測驗。 These types of tasks usually present well-defined problems that have only a single correct answer.這些類型的任務通常存在定義良好的問題只有一個正確答案。
  • Creative or synthetic intelligence, the ability to successfully deal with new and unusual situations by drawing on existing knowledge and skills .創意或合成的情報,有能力成功地應對新的和不同尋常的情況下通過借鑒現有的知識技能 Individuals high in creative intelligence may give 'wrong' answers because they see things from a different perspective.個人創造性智力高,可能會'錯誤'答案,因為他們看到的東西,從不同的角度。
  • Practical intelligence, the ability to adapt to everyday life by drawing on existing knowledge and skills.實用智能,能夠適應日常生活的借鑒現有的知識和技能。 Practical intelligence enables an individual to understand what needs to be done in a specific setting and then do it.實用智能使個人了解需要做什麼在一個特定的設置,然後去做。
Sternberg (2003) discusses experience and its role in intelligence.斯特恩伯格 (2003)討論了其作用的經驗和情報。 Creative or synthetic intelligence helps individuals to transfer information from one problem to another.創造性智力幫助個人 或合成傳輸的信息從一個到另一個問題。 Sternberg calls the application of ideas from one problem to a new type of problem relative novelty .斯特恩 伯格調用應用程序從一個觀念問題,一種新型的問題相對來說比較新穎 In contrast to the skills of relative novelty there is relative familiarity which enables an individual to become so familiar with a process that it becomes automatized.與此相反的技能相對來說比較新穎有相對熟悉它 使一個人變得如此熟悉的一個過程,它變得自動化。 This can free up brain resources for coping with new ideas.這可以釋放大腦資源用於應付新的思路。
Context, or how one adapts, selects and shapes their environment is another area that is not represented by traditional measures of giftedness.上下 文或怎樣的適應,選擇和塑造了他們的環境是另一個領域是不是代表的傳統措施天賦。 Practically intelligent people are good at picking up tacit information and utilizing that information.實際上聰明的人善於拿起隱性信息和利用這些信息。 They tend to shape their environment around them.他們往往塑造自己身邊的環境。 (Sternberg, 2003) (斯滕伯格,2003)
Sternberg (2003) developed a testing instrument to identify people who are gifted in ways that other tests don't identify.斯特恩伯格(2003)開發了一個測試儀器,以確定 誰是有天賦的人在其他的測試方式不認同。 The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test measures not only traditional intelligence abilities but analytic , synthetic , automazation and practical abilities as well.伯格三元能力測試措施,不僅傳統的智力能力,而分析綜合 ,automazation和實踐能力以及。 There are four ways in which this test is different from conventional intelligence tests.有四種方法,使這項測試是不同於傳統的智力測驗。
  • This test is broader, measuring synthetic and practical skills in addition to analytic skills.這個測試是更廣泛,測量合成和實用技能,除了分析技能。 The test provides scores on analytic, synthetic, automatization, and practical abilities, as well as verbal , quantitative, and figural processing abilities.該 測試提供了幾十解析,綜合化,自動化,和實際能力,以及語言 ,定量和人物形象的處理能力。
  • The test measures the ability to understand unknown words in context rather than vocabulary skills which are dependent on an individual's background.測試措施的能力,了解未知的單詞詞彙量方面的技能,而不是依賴於個人的背景。
  • The automatization subtest is the only part of the test that measures mental speed .分測驗的自動化是只有部分的測 試措施, 心理的速度
  • The test is based on a theory of intelligence.該測試是基於理論的情報。
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[ edit ] Practical application [ 編輯 ] 實際應用

Sternberg added experimental criteria to the application process for undergraduates to Tufts University , where he was Dean of Arts and Sciences, to test "creativity and other non-academic factors."斯特恩 伯格將試驗標準對申請程序的本科生塔夫茨大學 ,在那裡他藝術與科學學院院長,測試“創造力和其他非學術因素。” Calling it the "first major university to try such a departure from the norm," Inside Higher Ed noted that Tufts continues to consider the SAT and other traditional criteria. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]稱 之為“大學的第一次重大嘗試這種偏離從規範,” 高校內部艾德指出,塔夫茨繼續審議稅務總局等傳統標準。 [5] [6]

[ edit ] Theory in cognitive styles [ 編輯 ] 理論的認知風格

Sternberg proposed a theory of cognitive styles in 1997.斯騰 伯格提出一個理論的認知風格在1997年。
Sternberg's basic idea is that the forms of government we have in the world are external reflections of the way different people view and act in the world, that is, different ways of organizing and thinking.斯騰伯格的基本 想法是,我們的政府形式在世界上是外部的思考方式不同的人的看法和行動在世界上,即不同的組織和思維方式。 Cognitive styles should not be confused with abilities, they are the way we prefer to use these abilities.認知風格不應該混淆的能力,他們是這樣,我們更願意使用這些能力。 Indeed a good fit between a person's preferred cognitive profile and his abilities can create a powerful synergy that outweighs the sum of its parts.確實是一個很適合一個人之間的首選認知形象和他的能力可以創造一個強大的協同作用,大於它的各部分的總和。
The main three branches of government are the executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch.三個部門的主要是政府行政部門,立法部門和司法部門。 People also need to perform these functions in their own thinking and working.人 們還需要執行這些職能在自己的思想和工作。 Legislative people like to build new structures, creating their own rules along the way.立法人喜歡建立新的結構,創造他們自己的規則前進的道 路。 Executive people are rule followers, they like to be given a predetermined structure in which to work in. Judicial people like to evaluate rules and procedures, to analyze a given structure.行政人統治的追隨者,他們喜歡得到一個預先 確定的結構,使司法工作的人喜歡英寸評估規則和程序,分析給定的結構。
The four forms of mental self-government are hierarchical , monarchic , oligarchic , and anarchic .四種形式的精神自治的層次君主制寡頭政治 ,和無政府狀態 The hierarchic style holds multiple goals simultaneously and prioritizes them.持有的層次式多重目標和優先順序,同時他們。 The oligarchic style is similar but differs in involving difficulty prioritizing.寡頭不同風格類似,但在涉及困難優先。 The monarchic style, in comparison, focuses on a single activity until completion.在君主的風格,相比之下,專注於一個單一的活動,直到完成。 The anarchic style resists conformity to "systems, rules, or particular approaches to problems."無政府主義的風格抗拒符合“制度,規則,或特定的方法問題。”
The two levels of mental self-government are local and global.這兩個層次的心 理自治是局部的,全球性的。 The local style focuses on more specific and concrete problems, in extreme case they "can't see the forest for the trees".當地風格側重於更具體的和具體的問題,在極端情況下,他們“不能見樹不見林”。 The global style, in comparison, focuses on more abstract and global problems, in extreme cases they "can't see the trees for the forest".全 局樣式,相比之下,更側重於抽象和全球性問題,在極端情況下,他們“不能只見樹木的森林”。
The two scopes of mental self-government are internal and external.這兩 個範圍的心理自治是內部和外部。 The internal style focuses inwards and prefers to work independently.內部風格的重點向內,喜歡獨立工作。 The external style focuses outwards and prefers to work in collaboration .外部的風格,喜歡向外重點工作協作
The two leanings of mental self-government are the liberal and conservative.這兩個傾向心理自治是自由派與保守派。 These styles have nothing to do with politics.這些樣式都與政治無關。 The liberal individual likes change, to go beyond exciting rules and procedures.自由主義的個人喜歡變化,超越令人興奮的規則和程序。 The conservative individual dislikes change and ambiguity, he will be happiest in a familiar and predictable environment.保守的個人好惡的變化和不確定 性,他將在熟悉的最快樂的和可預見的環境。
We all have different profiles of thinking styles which can change over situations and time of life.我們都有不同的型 材思維方式可以改變局勢的時間和生命。 Moreover a person can, and often does, have a secondary preferred thinking style.而且一個人可以,而且經常有次要首選的思維方式。

[ edit ] Bibliography [ 編輯 ] 參考書目

Key References主要參考文獻
On " Higher Mental Functions ":關於“ 高級心理功能 ”:
  • Sternberg, RJ (1977): Intelligence, information processing,and analogical reasoning: The componential analysis of human abilities .Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.斯特恩伯格,譯(1977): 智力,信息處理,類比推理:成分分析的人的能力 。台北:五南。
  • Sternberg, RJ (1985): Beyond IQ : A triarchic theory of human intelligence . New York : Cambridge University Press .斯特恩伯格,譯(1985): 超 越智商 :一個人的智力三元理論紐約劍橋大學出版社
  • Sternberg, RJ (1990): Metaphors of mind: Conceptions of the nature of intelligence .斯特恩伯格,譯(1990): 隱喻的心態:觀念的性質的情報 New York: Cambridge University Press.紐約:劍橋大學出版社。
  • Sternberg, RJ (1997): Successful intelligence .斯特恩伯格,譯(1997): 成功的 情報 New York: Plume.紐約:羽。
  • Sternberg, RJ (1999): "The theory of successful intelligence." Review of General Psychology , 3 , 292-316.斯 特恩伯格,譯(1999)說:“成功智力理論。” 普通心理學審查 ,3,292-316。
  • Sternberg, RJ, Forsythe, GB, Hedlund, J., Horvath, J., Snook, S., Williams, WM, Wagner, RK, & Grigorenko, EL (2000): Practical intelligence in everyday life .斯特恩伯格,個RJ,福賽斯,國標,赫德倫德,學者,霍瓦特,學者,斯努克,美國,威廉姆斯,西 藥,瓦格納,Rk的,與Grigorenko,發光(2000): 在 ​​日常生活中實踐智慧 New York: Cambridge University Press.紐約:劍橋大學出版社。
  • Sternberg, RJ, & Grigorenko, EL (2000): Teaching for successful intelligence .斯特恩伯格,個RJ,&Grigorenko,發光(2000): 教學成功的情報 Arlington Heights, IL: Skylight.阿靈頓高地,白細胞介素:天窗。
  • (2007) Sternberg, RJ: Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized . (2007年)斯滕伯格,個RJ: 智慧,智慧和創造力的合成 New York: Cambridge University Press紐約:劍橋大學出版社
Key References主要參考文獻
On " Creativity ":論“ 創新 ”:
  • Sternberg, RJ, James C Kaufman , & Pretz, JE (2002): The creativity conundrum: A propulsion model of creative contributions .斯特恩伯格,個RJ, 詹姆斯C考夫曼 ,&Pretz,流行性乙型腦炎(2002): 的 創造力難題:一個推進模式的創造性貢獻 Philadelphia, PA.賓夕法尼亞州費城。
  • Sternberg, RJ, & Lubart, TI (1995): Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity .斯特恩伯格,個RJ,&Lubart,德州儀器 (1995): 不畏人群:培養創造力的一種文化的整合 New York: Free Press.紐約:自由出版社。
  • Sternberg, RJ, & Williams, WM (1996): How to develop student creativity .斯特恩伯格,個RJ,&威廉姆斯,西醫(1996): 如何培養學生的創造力 Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.亞歷山大, 弗吉尼亞州:協會的監督和課程開發。
Key Reference主要參考
On " Leadership ":領導 ”:
Sternberg, RJ, & Vroom, VH (2002): "The person versus the situation in leadership." Leadership Quarterly, 13 , 301-323斯特恩伯格,個RJ,& 弗魯姆,重鏈可變區(2002):“人的情況與領導。” 領導季刊,13,301-323
Key Reference主要參考
On " Cognitive Styles ":試論“ 認知方 式 ”:
Sternberg, R. & Grigorenko, E. (1997).斯 特恩伯格,佐Grigorenko,大腸桿菌(1997)。 Are cognitive styles still in style? American Psychologist , 52, 700-712.認知風格仍然是在風格? 美國心理學家 ,52,700-712。

[ edit ] See also [ 編輯 ] 參 見

[ edit ] References [ 編輯 ] 參考文獻

  1. ^ Sternberg, RJ, & Lubart, TI (1995). ^斯 特恩伯格,個RJ,&Lubart,德州儀器(1995年)。 Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. New York : Free Press.不畏人群:培養創造力的一種文化的整合。 紐約 :自由出版社。
  2. ^ Jaschik, Scott (2006). A "Rainbow" Approach to Admissions . Inside Higher Ed , July 6, 2006. ^ Jaschik,斯科特(2006年)。 一個“彩虹”招生方法埃德高校內部 ,06年7月6日。
  3. ^ The Theory of Successful Intelligence Interamerican Journal of Psychology - 2005, Vol. ^ 成功智力理論 美洲間心理學雜誌 - 2005年,第。 39, Num. 39,序號。 2 pp. 189-20 2頁 189-20
  4. ^ Sternberg, RJ (2003). ^斯 特恩伯格,譯(2003)。 Giftedness According to the Theory of Successful Intelligence.資優根據這一理論成功智力。 In N. Colangelo & G. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of Gifted Education (88-99).在N科朗吉洛和克戴維斯(主編), 資優教育手冊 (88-99)。 Boston MA: Allyn and Bacon.馬薩諸塞州波士頓:阿林和培根。
  5. ^ Jaschik, Scott (2006). A "Rainbow" Approach to Admissions . Inside Higher Ed , July 6, 2006. ^ Jaschik,斯科特(2006年)。 一個“彩虹”招生方法埃德高校內部 ,06年7月6日。
  6. ^ McAnerny, Kelly (2005). From Sternberg, a new take on what makes kids Tufts-worthy . Tufts Daily , November 15, 2005. ^ McAnerny,凱利(2005年)。 從斯騰伯格,新採取什麼能讓孩子們塔夫茨,值得塔夫茨日報 ,2005年11月15日。

[ edit ] External links [ 編輯 ] 外部鏈接

[ edit ] Further reading [ 編輯 ] 進一步閱讀

  • Gardner, Howard. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic, 1983加德納霍華德。 何良俊記:多元智力理論。紐約:基本,1983

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